Generic selectors
Exact matches only
Search in title
Search in content
Post Type Selectors
Search in posts
Search in pages
Filter by Categories
Brief Communication
Case Report
Case Series
Current Issue
Editorial
Editorial Note
FOREWORD
From the Editor's Desk
Invited Editorial
Letter to Editor
Letter to the Editor
Original Article
Original Research
Photoessay
Pictorial Review
Point of View
Review Article
Generic selectors
Exact matches only
Search in title
Search in content
Post Type Selectors
Search in posts
Search in pages
Filter by Categories
Brief Communication
Case Report
Case Series
Current Issue
Editorial
Editorial Note
FOREWORD
From the Editor's Desk
Invited Editorial
Letter to Editor
Letter to the Editor
Original Article
Original Research
Photoessay
Pictorial Review
Point of View
Review Article
View/Download PDF

Translate this page into:

Review Article
ARTICLE IN PRESS
doi:
10.25259/FH_30_2025

Unlocking the potential of Ayurveda and medicinal plants in deaddiction: A scientific exploration

, ,
1Department of Roga Nidana, All India Institute of Ayurveda, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi, India
2Department of Dravyaguna, All India Institute of Ayurveda, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi, India
3Department of Kayachikitsa, Ayurvedic & Unani Tibbia College and Hospital, Karol Bagh, New Delhi, India

* Corresponding author: Dr. Amit Kumar Rai, MD, Department of Kayachikitsa, Ayurvedic & Unani Tibbia College and Hospital, Karol Bagh, New Delhi, India. amit.cbpacs@gmail.com

Received: , Accepted: ,
© 2025 Published by Scientific Scholar on behalf of Future Health
Licence
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, transform, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

How to cite this article: Nath R, Mahajon B, Rai A.K. Unlocking the potential of Ayurveda and medicinal plants in deaddiction: A scientific exploration. Future Health. doi: 10.25259/FH_30_2025

Abstract

This review explores the integrative potential of Ayurveda and medicinal plants in managing addiction, synthesizing traditional Ayurvedic principles with modern scientific evidence. The manuscript highlights detoxification, withdrawal symptom management, relapse prevention, and psychosocial support as core components of addiction recovery, proposing an integrative framework for holistic and sustainable treatment. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Ayush Research Portal, DHARA, Google Scholar, and classical Ayurvedic texts. Keywords included “Ayurveda and addiction,” “medicinal plants for deaddiction,” and “integrative addiction management.” Studies focusing on Ayurvedic and contemporary approaches to managing addiction were included. Relevant articles were screened based on inclusion criteria, prioritizing peer-reviewed clinical trials, experimental studies, and systematic reviews on addiction management. Ayurveda detoxification therapies, herbal formulations, and psychosocial practices were categorized and analyzed alongside conventional pharmacological approaches. Emphasis was placed on efficacy, safety, mechanisms of action, and potential for integration. Ayurveda offers a scientifically grounded, holistic approach to addiction management, addressing detoxification, stress resilience, and long-term relapse prevention. Medicinal plants such as Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal and Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst demonstrates neuroprotective and adaptogenic properties, while Panchakarma (bio-purification procedures) provides effective detoxification. Integrative strategies incorporating Ayurveda and conventional medicine have the potential to deliver better outcomes, offering a complementary solution to the limitations of conventional therapies. Future research should focus on well-designed clinical studies and interdisciplinary collaborations to validate and expand the scope of these integrative approaches.

Keywords

Addiction
Detoxification
Relapse prevention
Substance abuse disorder
Withdrawal syndrome

INTRODUCTION

Addiction disorders are a rapidly increasing public health challenge globally, affecting individuals across age groups and socio-economic strata. These disorders not only compromise physical and mental health but also contribute to significant social and economic burdens.1 Conventional pharmacological interventions, though effective, face limitations such as high relapse rates, dependency on substitution therapies, and the risk of adverse effects. The conventional pharmacological options for deaddiction, such as methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone, etc., are often associated with significant adverse effects on long-term administration. Methadone and buprenorphine, commonly used in opioid substitution therapy, carry the risk of dependency and overdose if not administered correctly.2 Similarly, naltrexone, an opioid antagonist used to prevent relapse, can lead to hepatotoxicity and adverse psychological effects in some individuals.3 In the context of alcohol addiction, drugs like disulfiram and acamprosate are effective but require strict adherence to treatment protocols and carry the risk of adverse reactions. These limitations underscore the need for integrative approaches that complement contemporary therapies while mitigating their risks and limitations. This has increased interest in exploring the therapeutic options in traditional and complementary medicine systems such as Ayurveda. Ayurveda offers a holistic framework for health and wellness, emphasizing detoxification, rejuvenation, and restoring physical and mental balance. This makes it a promising avenue for addressing the multifaceted challenges of addiction recovery.4

The Ayurvedic understanding of addiction aligns with its fundamental principles of health and disease. Addiction is viewed as a result of an imbalance in the three Doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) and disturbances in mental qualities (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas). While contemporary medicine largely attributes addiction to alterations in the brain’s reward system, Ayurveda addresses both the physiological and psychological dimensions of addiction disorders. Detoxification (Shodhana) therapies, rejuvenation (Rasayana) strategies, and the use of adaptogenic herbs play a pivotal role in managing withdrawal symptoms, reducing cravings, and preventing relapse. Several herbs have been traditionally used for their detoxifying, calming, and neuroprotective properties. Published studies have also reported several therapeutic properties of Ayurvedic interventions relevant to managing clinical conditions associated with addictive disorders. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) has demonstrated adaptogenic properties that mitigate stress, a key trigger for substance use.5 Similarly, Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) has shown promise in enhancing cognitive resilience and emotional balance, which are critical factors during recovery from any addiction.6 Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) is renowned for its ability to cleanse the body of toxins and promote immunity.7 Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), often referred to as the “queen of herbs,” is known for its adaptogenic effects, reducing stress and anxiety during the withdrawal phase.8 These Ayurveda interventions not only alleviate withdrawal symptoms but also address the underlying imbalances that contribute to addiction. Despite these promising outcomes, much of the research on Ayurvedic interventions remains fragmented, with limited evidence linking these practices to modern scientific paradigms. This gap necessitates a comprehensive review integrating classical Ayurvedic knowledge with contemporary pharmacological insights.

This review aims to systematically explore the potential of Ayurveda and medicinal plants in de-addiction. While previous reviews have primarily focused on individual herbs or generalized health benefits of Ayurvedic practices, this review differs by providing a detailed synthesis of their specific roles in addiction management. The novelty of this review lies in its holistic approach to addiction management. By integrating Ayurveda principles with contemporary evidence-based practices, it proposes a dual framework that addresses the physiological, psychological, and social dimensions of addiction disorders.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present review follows a systematic narrative methodology to provide insights into the Ayurveda therapeutic options and medicinal plants for safe and effective strategies for de-addiction. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases like PubMed, Scopus, Ayush Research Portal, DHARA, and Google Scholar, alongside classical Ayurvedic texts. Keywords used for database search include “Ayurveda and addiction,” “medicinal plants for deaddiction,” and “integrative addiction management.” Recent peer-reviewed articles on research studies reporting the efficacy of Ayurvedic interventions or medicinal plants and their pharmacological roles in addiction management were included. Data were categorized into detoxification therapies, withdrawal management, relapse prevention, and integration with conventional pharmacological strategies. A comparative analysis highlighted the complementary roles of Ayurveda and contemporary approaches, while research gaps were identified to propose future directions. This methodology bridges the gap between traditional knowledge and contemporary medicine, offering a holistic perspective on addiction management and recovery.

RESULTS

Overview of addiction disorders in India

Addiction in India, much like in other parts of the world, encompasses a diverse range of substances and behaviors, each with unique societal, cultural, and health implications. These can be broadly categorized into the following types [Figure 1]:

Overview of addictions in India.
Figure 1:
Overview of addictions in India.

Substance use disorders (SUDs)

SUDs, encompassing the misuse of alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and prescription medications, pose a significant public health challenge in India [Table 1]. Alcohol is the most commonly abused substance, with widespread consumption leading to dependency, clinical conditions such as hepatic diseases, as well as social issues such as domestic violence. Tobacco use, both in smoking forms like cigarettes and bidis and smokeless forms such as gutka and pan masala, is linked to malignancy and cardiovascular diseases. Drug addiction includes the abuse of cannabis, opioids, synthetic drugs, inhalants, and codeine-based cough syrups. Prescription medication addiction, especially involving sedatives and painkillers, is rising in urban areas due to increased stress and accessibility.9

Table 1: Details of substance use disorders (SUDs).
Sr.No. Category Types/Forms Common impacts
1. Alcohol Spirits (whiskey, rum), country-made liquor Liver disease, mental health issues, accidents, social disruption
2. Tobacco Smoking (cigarettes, bidis), smokeless (gutka, khaini) Cancers (oral, lung), cardiovascular and respiratory disorders
3. Opioids Opium, heroin, prescription opioids (tramadol, fentanyl) Dependence, withdrawal symptoms, mortality due to overdose
4. Cannabis Bhanga, Ganja (marijuana), Hashish (Charas) Psychosis, memory loss, anxiety, chronic mental health issues
5. Synthetic Drugs Amphetamines, MDMA (ecstasy), methamphetamine Neurological damage, psychological disorders, cardiovascular issues
6. Inhalants Glue, paint thinners, correction fluid Severe neurological damage
7. Prescription drugs Sedatives (benzodiazepines), stimulants, cough syrups Dependency, respiratory depression, withdrawal symptoms
8. Cocaine Powder or crystal form Cardiovascular problems, psychiatric issues, addiction
9. Hallucinogens LSD, magic mushrooms (psilocybin) Altered perception, hallucinations, long-term psychological issues
10. Betel Nut with Tobacco Chewing tobacco with areca nut Oral health issues, oral cancers, dependency

MDMA: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, LSD: Lysergic acid diethylamide

Behavioral addictions

Behavioral addictions, although not related to substance use, significantly affect mental health and daily routine. Gambling addiction has increased with the rise of online gambling platforms, leading to financial and social distress. Internet and gaming addiction, particularly among youth, affect academic performance and mental well-being. Shopping addiction, driven by e-commerce and credit card use, causes financial strain and emotional guilt. Food addiction involves compulsive overeating, often junk food, contributing to obesity and related health problems.10

Cultural and regional addictions

Certain addictions are rooted in cultural and regional practices. Betel nut and areca nut chewing, often mixed with tobacco, is a widespread habit associated with oral cancer and dental issues. The use of traditional and herbal intoxicants, such as bhang and datura, is common during festivals and rituals. While culturally accepted, excessive consumption of these substances can lead to toxicity and severe health complications.11

Technology and media addictions

Technology and media addictions are rapidly growing concerns, especially with the digital revolution. Smartphone addiction involves excessive reliance on mobile phones for socializing and entertainment, leading to anxiety and reduced productivity. Streaming and entertainment addiction, characterized by binge-watching series and movies on OTT platforms, causes time mismanagement, sleep disturbances, and social withdrawal.12

Work addiction

Work addiction, or workaholism, involves an obsessive commitment to work at the expense of personal health and relationships. It often leads to chronic stress, burnout, and mental health issues like anxiety and depression. The societal glorification of overworking exacerbates this addiction, making it challenging to address and overcome.13

Emerging addictions

Emerging addictions are associated with modern lifestyles and changing societal norms. Pornography addiction has increased with the easy availability of explicit online content, adversely impacting relationships and mental health. Obsession with physical appearance has led to an addiction to cosmetic surgeries and beauty enhancements, often driven by social media and unrealistic beauty standards, causing financial and psychological strain.14

Role of Ayurveda in de-addiction

Ayurveda approaches de-addiction by addressing the root causes of addiction and focusing on restoring balance within the body and mind. According to Ayurveda, addiction arises from an imbalance in the Tridoshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Vata imbalance leads to restlessness and cravings, Pitta imbalance manifests as irritability and impulsivity, and Kapha imbalance creates lethargy and attachment to adverse habits. So, Ayurveda management seeks to restore this Doshic balance through individualized interventions. Alongside Doshas, mental qualities such as Sattva (clarity), Rajas (restlessness), and Tamas (ignorance) also play a significant role. Addiction is seen as an amplification of Tamasic and Rajasic tendencies, diminishing Sattva. Ayurvedic therapies aim to enhance Sattva, promoting mental clarity and self-control while reducing Rajas and Tamas through detoxification, rejuvenation, and lifestyle modifications.15

Detoxification (Shodhana)

Detoxification is a cornerstone of Ayurveda management, addressing the toxin accumulation (Ama) caused by prolonged substance use. Panchakarma therapies, including Vamana (therapeutic emesis), Virechana (therapeutic purgation), and Basti (medicated enema), are used to cleanse the body. These procedures eliminate toxins from different body channels and restore the natural balance, paving the way for healing.16

Rejuvenation (Rasayana)

Rejuvenation follows detoxification as an essential phase in recovery. Rasayana therapies focus on revitalizing the body and mind, rebuilding strength, and preventing relapse. Herbal formulations like Chyawanprash are rich in antioxidants and nutrients and enhance immunity and vitality. Medhya Rasayana (cognitive enhancers), such as Brahmi and Ashwagandha, support cognitive function and emotional stability, aiding long-term recovery.

Role of Satvik Diet

A Satvik diet plays a critical role in the practical approach to de-addiction. Fresh, light, natural, and nutrient-rich foods are suggested to promote detoxification and mental clarity. Whole grains, fresh vegetables and fruits, nuts and seeds, herbal tea, etc., help reduce cravings and nourish the body.17

Mind-Body techniques

With dietary practices, Ayurveda recommends mind-body techniques such as Yogasana, Pranayama, and meditation to stabilize emotions and manage stress. Yoga postures and breathing techniques regulate the nervous system, enhance dopamine levels, and reduce anxiety, creating a strong foundation for recovery.18

Role of herbal remedies

Adaptogenic herbs like Ashwagandha help manage stress and reduce cravings, while Brahmi and Shankhpushpi calm the mind and improve attention. Guduchi supports detoxification, and Jatamansi is particularly effective in alleviating insomnia and restlessness. These herbs work synergistically to address withdrawal symptoms and restore mental equilibrium.19

Lifestyle modification

Ayurveda emphasizes lifestyle modification through Dinacharya (daily routines) and Ritucharya (seasonal routines). Structured routines promote discipline, regularity, and mindfulness, which are crucial in breaking the cycle of addiction. Aligning habits with seasonal changes further enhances the body’s adaptability and resilience.20

Managing withdrawal symptoms

Clinical symptoms like nausea and fatigue are alleviated with herbal teas and light, digestible diets, while therapies like Abhyanga (oil massage) help soothe the nervous system. Anxiety and depression are addressed through meditation, adaptogenic herbs, and therapeutic procedures such as Shirodhara (rhythmic pouring of medical oils, decoctions, etc., on the forehead) to calm the mind.21

Rebuilding vital energy (Ojas)

Addiction also depletes Ojas, the subtle essence of vitality and immunity. Ayurveda emphasizes the restoration of Ojas to rebuild overall health and resilience. Administration of bio-purification therapies, nourishing Rasayana herbs, Yoga procedures, and meditation helps replenish this vital energy.

Holistic framework for deaddiction

Ayurveda provides a comprehensive framework for de-addiction by integrating the approaches described above. Its focus on detoxification, rejuvenation, and mental clarity addresses the physical, psychological, and behavioral dimensions of addiction. This holistic approach not only aids in overcoming dependency but also fosters long-term resilience, making Ayurveda an effective complementary strategy in contemporary deaddiction programs.22

Scope of integrating Ayurveda with conventional de-addiction therapies

The integration of Ayurveda with modern de-addiction therapies offers a comprehensive approach to addressing the menace of substance abuse disorders. Complementing the precision of contemporary medical practices with the time-tested wisdom of Ayurveda, individuals struggling with addiction can benefit from a more holistic and person-centered management plan. Ayurveda interventions contribute significantly to the following aspects of de-addiction strategies:

  • 1.

    Managing the adverse effects of conventional medications: The contemporary de-addiction approach often involves pharmacological interventions that may lead to adverse effects on long-term administration, such as gastrointestinal disturbances, fatigue, or cognitive impairment. Ayurvedic herbs like Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), and Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) have adaptogenic and detoxifying properties that can mitigate these adverse effects, enhancing the overall tolerability of conventional medications.5-7

  • 2.

    Addressing co-morbid conditions: Addiction often coexists with mental health issues like anxiety, depression, and insomnia, which can complicate recovery. Ayurveda interventions such as Medhya Rasayana (cognitive enhancers) and therapies like Shirodhara have shown promise in calming the mind, improving sleep quality, and stabilizing emotional well-being. Tagara (Valeriana wallichii) and Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) are renowned for their sedative and anxiolytic effects, helping individuals cope with withdrawal symptoms and emotional distress.23-25

  • 3.

    Promoting sustained long-term recovery: Beyond detoxification and withdrawal symptoms management, Ayurveda emphasizes sustained recovery by fostering a balanced lifestyle and mental resilience. Practices such as Dinacharya (daily routine), Ritucharya (seasonal regimen), and dietary guidelines tailored to an individual’s constitution (Prakriti) can restore physical and mental equilibrium. Additionally, Ayurvedic psychological therapies, including Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (mental restraint therapy), help strengthen willpower, reduce cravings, and promote a positive outlook on life.26,27

DISCUSSION

The management of SUDs remains a significant global challenge, with conventional pharmacological therapies often falling short in addressing the multifaceted nature of addiction. Available therapeutic options, though effective in managing withdrawal and reducing cravings, are often associated with adverse effects, dependency, and high relapse rates. This review highlights the potential of Ayurveda and medicinal plants in complementing contemporary medicine in deaddiction, emphasizing their holistic approach to managing addiction by addressing both physiological and psychological dimensions. The discussion synthesizes evidence from Ayurveda fundamental principles, modern pharmacological studies, and clinical studies, proposing a framework for integrative addiction management.

Ayurveda views addiction because of imbalances in the Doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) and disturbances in the Gunas (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas). This framework aligns with present-time understandings of addiction as a dysregulation of neurobiological pathways, particularly those involving dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate. Conventional medications, such as methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone, primarily target specific neurochemical pathways to manage withdrawal and prevent relapses. While effective in the short term, these drugs are often associated with significant adverse effects, including dependency, overdose, and harmful systemic effects.28 For instance, methadone, though a cornerstone in opioid substitution therapy, carries a risk of respiratory depression and overdose if misused.29 In contrast, Ayurveda interventions offer a more holistic approach, addressing not only withdrawal symptoms but also long-term recovery and overall well-being without any significant adverse effects.30 Detoxification therapies, such as Panchakarma, are integral to Ayurveda management and serve as a preparatory phase for de-addiction strategies by removing accumulated toxins (Ama) and restoring balance of the Tridoshas. Studies suggest that Panchakarma therapies may reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurotoxic burden, which are common consequences of chronic substance use.21,26,27,31 Ayurveda rejuvenation therapies (Rasayana) further support recovery by promoting cellular repair, enhancing immunity, and improving mental resilience. Further, Medhya Rasayana interventions improve cognitive function, reduce stress, and stabilize mood. These interventions complement contemporary approaches by addressing long-term recovery and relapse prevention, areas where conventional treatments often struggle. Further, one of the key distinctions is the preventive focus of Ayurveda. Rasayana therapies, for example, aim to rebuild physical and mental resilience, reducing the likelihood of relapse. Available de-addiction therapies, while effective in stabilization, often neglect these long-term aspects, leading to gaps in sustained recovery.

Mechanism of action of proposed medicinal plants for de-addiction

Medicinal plants have garnered significant attention for their potential to manage addiction by offering a holistic and complementary approach to conventional pharmacological therapies. The efficacy of these medicinal plants is attributed to mechanisms such as antioxidant, adaptogenic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, detoxifying, and neurotransmitter modulation properties. They play a critical role in mitigating the physiological and psychological challenges associated with SUDs.

The mechanisms through which medicinal plants exert their efficacy align closely with conventional pharmacological understandings. Adaptogens like Withania somnifera and Panax ginseng modulate stress pathways and enhance neuroplasticity, supporting recovery from addiction-induced neurocognitive deficits.32-37 Withania somnifera also helps regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, reducing cortisol levels and alleviating stress-induced cravings.35 Antioxidant-rich plants such as Tinospora cordifolia and Silybum marianum mitigate oxidative stress and protect against drug-induced tissue damage, particularly in the liver and brain.38-41 Tinospora cordifolia and Silybum marianum, due to their immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective effects, are particularly useful in managing the consequences of harmful accumulation of toxins due to alcohol consumption and other addictive substances.41,42 Additionally, anxiolytic herbs like Passiflora incarnata and Valeriana officinalis regulate GABAergic pathways, alleviating withdrawal-induced anxiety and promoting sleep.43,44 Similarly, Bacopa monnieri has demonstrated its ability to enhance synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, which supports cognitive recovery in individuals affected by chronic substance abuse.45 Furthermore, herbs such as Ocimum sanctum and Nardostachys jatamansi (Jatamansi) possess anxiolytic and adaptogenic properties, vital for alleviating withdrawal symptoms like anxiety, insomnia, and irritability.25,46,47 The details of the therapeutic activities of common medicinal plants for de-addiction have been provided in Table 2. These mechanisms highlight the potential of Ayurvedic interventions as standalone therapies and complementary management that enhance the efficacy and safety of modern pharmacological approaches [Figure 2].

Table 2: Therapeutic activities of common medicinal plants for de-addiction.

Sr.

No.

 Name of the medicinal plant Botanical name Impact/Role in de-addiction
1 Ashwagandha Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Adaptogenic properties help reduce stress and anxiety, common triggers for substance use, and aid in improving overall mental resilience during withdrawal.5
2 Brahmi Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Enhances cognitive function, reduces anxiety, and promotes emotional balance, aiding in managing withdrawal symptoms and reducing relapse risk.6
3. Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thomson Its detoxifying properties help eliminate the toxins accumulated due to substance abuse and support the immune system.7
4. Shankhapushpi Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy Calms the nervous system, reduces anxiety, and improves mental clarity, assisting in coping with withdrawal-induced stress and insomnia.48
5. Jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC. Due to its sedative activity, helps alleviate insomnia and restlessness associated with withdrawal.25
6. Kudzu Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. Contains isoflavones that may reduce alcohol cravings and consumption by affecting the brain’s reward system.49
7. Shilajit Asphaltum punjabinum (mineral compound) Due to its antioxidant activity, it helps reduce anxiety during alcohol withdrawal and supports overall well-being.50
8. Ativisha Aconitum heterophyllum wall. ex royle Traditionally used for its detoxifying properties, it aids in cleansing the body during de-addiction processes.51
9. Meshashringi Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. Reduces the desire for sweet substances, which can be beneficial in managing cravings for certain addictive substances.52
10. Tulsi Ocimum sanctum L. Adaptogenic properties help reduce stress and support the immune system, aiding overall recovery during de-addiction.33
11. Nirvisha Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson Reported to have potential benefits in managing withdrawal symptoms and reducing dependency.53
12. Erythroxylum or Chintamula Erythroxylum cuneatum Miq. Investigated for its effects in morphine-addicted rats, it may have the potential to manage opioid addiction.54
13. Ginseng Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. Known for its adaptogenic properties, it may help in reducing dependence and withdrawal symptoms associated with substance abuse.36,37
14. St. John’s Wort Hypericum perforatum L. Traditionally used for mood disorders, some studies suggest it may aid in reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms in nicotine addiction.55
15. Tagara Valeriana officinalis L. Sedative properties may help alleviate anxiety and insomnia associated with withdrawal from addictive substances.44
16.

Passion

flower

 Passiflora incarnata L. Anxiolytic effects are studied for their potential to reduce anxiety and cravings during withdrawal from substances like nicotine and opioids.43
17. Kava Piper methysticum G.Forst. Due to anxiolytic and sedative properties, it has the potential to reduce anxiety and improve mood during substance withdrawal.56
18. Milk Thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. The hepatoprotective effect may prevent the adverse effect of addictive substances on the liver and help in detoxification.40,42
Key mechanism of action of medicinal plants for de-addiction. HPA: Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal.
Figure 2:
Key mechanism of action of medicinal plants for de-addiction. HPA: Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal.

The integration of Ayurveda and contemporary medicine offers a comprehensive and holistic approach to addiction management. For instance, combining Panchakarma detoxification with methadone maintenance therapy could potentially reduce the toxic burden on the body while stabilizing withdrawal symptoms. Similarly, using adaptogenic herbs like Withania somnifera alongside naltrexone may enhance stress resilience and reduce cravings, addressing both immediate and long-term challenges. Clinical studies investigating such integrative approaches are limited but promising. For example, a pilot study combining methadone with natural detoxification reported improved patient outcomes, including reduced withdrawal symptoms and enhanced quality of life.57 Future research should focus on such integrative models, evaluating their safety, efficacy, and acceptability in diverse populations. Moreover, interdisciplinary collaborations are also needed to develop such integrative treatment protocols combining the strengths of both Ayurveda and contemporary medicine.

The findings of this review underscore the importance of adopting a holistic approach to addiction management. Ayurveda interventions complement modern pharmacological therapies, emphasizing detoxification, rejuvenation, and promoting mental health. By integrating these approaches, healthcare practitioners can provide more comprehensive and culturally sensitive care, addressing not only the physiological aspects of addiction but also its psychological and social dimensions.

Limitations

Despite the comprehensive approach of this review, a few limitations must be acknowledged. First, most available studies are experimental/ preclinical, with very few clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of Ayurveda interventions and medicinal plants in addiction management are available. This constrains the ability to draw definitive conclusions about their real-world applicability. Second, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Ayurveda interventions are presently underexplored, especially regarding their interaction with conventional medications. This knowledge gap raises questions about potential synergies or adverse interactions when integrating these approaches. Third, variability in the preparation and standardization of Ayurvedic formulations poses a significant challenge to ensuring consistency and reproducibility of outcomes in clinical settings. Additionally, while traditional Ayurveda practices emphasize individualized treatment, this personalized approach complicates the development of universally applicable protocols. Finally, the lack of long-term studies on the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of integrating Ayurveda with contemporary deaddiction therapies limits the broader applicability of the proposed framework. Addressing these limitations through well-designed randomized controlled trials alongside mechanistic studies to elucidate the molecular pathways of the suggested interventions and interdisciplinary collaborative research is essential for advancing the evidence base for integrating Ayurveda in addiction management.

CONCLUSION

This review highlights the untapped potential of Ayurveda and medicinal plants in addressing the complex challenges of addiction management. Reviewing traditional knowledge with modern scientific evidence, the present review proposes a novel, integrative framework for deaddiction strategies. Ayurveda therapeutic options not only complement conventional pharmacological approaches but also address their limitations, offering a holistic, sustainable, and patient-centered model for managing SUDs. Further research and interdisciplinary collaborations are essential to fully realize the potential of these integrative strategies, paving the way for innovative and effective solutions in addiction management.

Author contributions

RN: Conceptualization, methodology, validation, resources, writing-original draft; BM: Conceptualization, methodology, validation, writing-original draft, visualization; AKR: Methodology, validation, writing-review & editing, visualization.

Ethical approval

Institutional Review Board approval is not required.

Declaration of patient consent

Patient’s consent not required as there are no patients in this study.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

Use of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technology for manuscript preparation

The authors confirm that there was no use of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technology for assisting in the writing or editing of the manuscript and no images were manipulated using AI.

REFERENCES

  1. , , , , , , et al. Understanding the global problem of drug addiction is a challenge for IDARS scientists. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2011;9:2-7.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  2. , , , . Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2009:CD002209.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  3. , . Long-acting naltrexone implant for heroin dependence: A review of clinical studies. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2010;38:276-84.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. , , , , , , et al. Health and demographic indicators of selected districts of India: An impact of Swasthya Rakshan Programme (SRP) J Public Health Res. 2024;13:22799036241243272.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  5. , , , . Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), a rejuvenating herbal drug which enhances survival during stress: A review. J Altern Complement Med. 2011;17:213-6.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  6. , , , , . Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151:528-35.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. , . Immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activity of Tinospora cordifolia. Indian J Pharmacol. 2014;46:212-4.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. , , . Tulsi. The queen of herbs. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2010;1:87-95.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  9. , , , . Understanding the epidemiology of substance use in India: A review of nationwide surveys. Indian J Psychiatry. 2023;65:498-505.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  10. , . Behavioral addictions: An emerging public mental health crisis? Indian J Soc Psychiatry. 2023. ;39:230-5.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. . Sociocultural perspective of substance use in India. Subst Use Misuse. 1996;31:1689-714.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. , . Technological addictions. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2022;24:399-406.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  13. , , , , . Work addiction and social functioning: A systematic review and five meta-analyses. PLoS One. 2024;19:e0303563.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  14. . Emerging perspectives in addiction psychiatry. J Clin Psychiatry. 2023;84:muladx3048sho.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. . Ayurvedic approach to addiction. In: Integrative Addiction and Recovery Integrative Addiction and Recovery. New York: Oxford University Press; . p. :260-71.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. , , . Ayurveda and Panchakarma: Measuring the effects of a holistic health intervention. ScientificWorldJournal. 2009;9:272-80.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. , . Pathyapathyavinishchaya - An Ayurveda treatise on wholesome diet and lifestyle. J Res Ayurvedic Sci.,. 2021;5:201-5.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  18. , , , , . Yoga and ayurveda-A correlative insight to fundamentals of both the sciences. J Yoga Phys Ther. 2021;11:362.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. , . Medicinal plants and addiction treatment. In: Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions. Springer International Publishing; . p. :1-26.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. , , . A scientific review on dietetics in ayurveda according to Prakriti (Innate Constitution) Intern ayurvedic Med J. 2014;2:1031-6.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. , , , , , , , . Ayurveda and yoga management of chronic alcoholism sequelae - A case report. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2024;15:100862.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  22. , , . An holistic approach to substance abuse treatment. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2003;35:247-51.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. , , . Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants and fungi. Nat Prod Rep. 2006;23:181-99.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. , , . Effects of valerian root extracts (Tagara) on sleep disorders and anxiety. Phytomedicine. 2005;12:427-435.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. , , , , , , et al. Neuroprotective and anxiolytic effects of Nardostachys jatamansi (Jatamansi) Phytother Res. 2006;20:541-45.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. , , . The role of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa in mental health and addiction management. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2010;1:45-50.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  27. , . Contribution of Panchakarma in the management of addiction: An evidence-based review. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2013;4:10-15.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. , , . Medications for substance use disorders. Soc Work Public Health. 2013;28:264-78.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  29. , . New perspectives in the treatment of opioid-induced respiratory depression. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2015;8:S51-63.
    [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  30. , , , . Traditional Chinese and Indian medicine in the treatment of opioid-dependence: A review. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2013;3:205-15.
    [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  31. , , , . A critical review to understand the role of ayurveda in management of opium withdrawal. AYUHOM. 2023;10:68-73.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  32. , , , . Effects of withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on stress and the stress- related neuropsychiatric disorders anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021;19:1468-95.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  33. , , , , , , et al. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)-current research on the health-promoting activities: A narrative review. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15:1057.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  34. , , . Potential clinical applications of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in medicine and neuropsychiatry. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2022;15:1067-80.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. , , , , , , et al. Withania somnifera prevents morphine withdrawal-induced decrease in spine density in nucleus accumbens shell of rats: A confocal laser scanning microscopy study. Neurotox Res. 2009;16:343-55.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. , , . A comprehensive review of the therapeutic and pharmacological effects of ginseng and ginsenosides in central nervous system. J Ginseng Res. 2013;37:8-29.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  37. , , , , . Effects of ginseng saponin on acute cocaine-induced alterations in evoked dopamine release and uptake in rat brain nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. 2009;1248:184-90.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  38. , . Protective effects of Tinospora cordifolia miers extract against hepatic and neurobehavioral deficits in thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats via modulating hyperammonemia and glial cell activation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024;323:117700.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. , , . A review on the mechanisms of the effect of silymarin in milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on some laboratory animals. Vet Med Sci. 2022;8:289-301.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  40. , , , , , . A double-blinded randomized controlled trial of silymarin for the prevention of antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15:334.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  41. , . Protective Effects of tinospora cordifolia on hepatic and gastrointestinal toxicity induced by chronic and moderate alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol. 2016;51:1-10.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. , . Influence of silybum marianum on morphine addicted rats, biochemical parameters and molecular simulation studies on µ-Opioid Receptor. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2019;69:630-8.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. , , . Passiflora incarnata l., herba, in benzodiazepine tapering: Long-term safety and efficacy in a real-world setting. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1471083.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  44. , , . Neuroprotective properties of valeriana officinalis extracts. Neurotox Res. 2004;6:131-40.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. , . Bacopa monnieri abrogates alcohol abstinence-induced anxiety-like behavior by regulating biochemical and Gabra1, Gabra4, Gabra5 gene expression of GABAA receptor signaling pathway in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;111:1417-28.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. . Tulsi - Ocimum sanctum: A herb for all reasons. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2014;5:251-9.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  47. , . Protective role of Ocimum canum plant extract in alcohol-induced oxidative stress in albino rats. Br J Biomed Sci. 2008;65:80-5.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. , , . Shankhpushpi: A memory booster and herbal neuroprotector. Ind J Pharmacol. 2012;44:99-102.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. , , , , , , et al. A preliminary study of kudzu extract (Pueraria lobata) as a treatment for alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29:756-62. doi: 10.1097/01.ALC.0000164378.17823.6D
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. , , , , , , et al. Review on shilajit used in traditional Indian medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;136:1-9.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. , , . Aconitum heterophyllum wall. ex royle: A critically endangered medicinal herb with rich potential for use in medicine. J Integr Med. 2022;20:104-13.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. , , , , , , et al. Consuming gymnema sylvestre reduces the desire for high-sugar sweet foods. Nutrients. 2020;12:1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041046
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]
  53. , , . Experimental study of the morphine de-addiction properties of delphinium denudatum wall. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2002;2:6.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. , , , , . Erythroxylum cuneatum prevented cellular adaptation in morphineinduced neuroblastoma cells. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2022;22:108-17.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. . Hypericum perforatum and substance dependence: A review. Phytother Res. 2008;22:578-82.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. , , . Kava: A comprehensive review of efficacy, safety, and psychopharmacology. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45:27-35.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. , , . The effect of dried barberry root on the symptoms of opiate withdrawal syndrome in patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy-double-blind clinical trial. J Med Plants. 2020;19:335-42.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Fulltext Views
1,296

PDF downloads
995
View/Download PDF
Download Citations
BibTeX
RIS
Show Sections

Suggested read for related articles: